Diarrhea or soft bowel movements are frequent occurrences in young cats. The stress of being weaned and moving to a new home can be disruptive to the digestive system. Most young kittens also have intestinal parasites. The doctors at the Animal Hospital at Thorndale recommend stool sample checks on all young kittens, even if they were “wormed” by the previous owner. Worming medications are often specific to certain types of parasites. A very common cause of yellow sour smelling diarrhea in kittens, coccidiosis, is not treated by common wormers.
Coccidiosis is an infection with a one-celled organism; these organisms are classified as protozoa and are called coccidia. Coccidia are not worms; rather they are microscopic parasites that live within cells of the intestinal lining. Because they live in the intestinal tract and commonly cause diarrhea, they are often confused with worms.
Means of Infection
Oocysts (immature coccidia) are passed in the stool of the cat. They lie in the environment and eventually sporulate (mature) into a more developed oocyst which can infect the cat again. Other cats, dogs, or mice may also become infected. This process can occur in as little as 6 hours, but it usually takes 7-10 days. If the sporulated oocysts are swallowed, they mature in the cat’s intestine to complete the life cycle. If the oocysts should be swallowed by a mouse, the cat may also become infected by eating the mouse.
Clinical Signs
Most cats that are infected with coccidia do not have diarrhea or any other clinical signs. When the eggs (oocysts) are found in the stool of a cat without diarrhea, they are generally considered an incidental finding but still warrant treatment to reduce the spread of the disease to other cats in the household. In kittens and debilitated adult cats, coccidia may cause severe, watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal distress, and vomiting. In severe cases, death may occur.
Diagnosis
Coccidiosis is diagnosed by performing a microscopic examination of a stool sample. Since the oocysts are much smaller than the eggs of the intestinal worms, a very careful study must be made. Infection with some of the less common coccidial parasites is diagnosed with a blood test.
Treatment
The most common drug used to eliminate coccidia is a sulfa-type antibiotic. It is given for 10-14 days. The medication is sweet-tasting and objection to the taste is usually not a problem. If the sulfa-type drug is not effective, others are available. Additional medication may be needed if diarrhea and dehydration occur.
Reinfection of cats is common so environmental disinfection is important. The use of chlorine bleach, one cup in a gallon of water, is effective if the surfaces and premises can be safely treated with it.
Transmission to Humans
The most common coccidia found in cats do not have any affect on humans. However, less common types of coccidia are potentially infectious to humans. One parasite, called Cryptosporidium, may be carried by cats or dogs and may be transmitted to people. This parasite has also been found in public water supplies in some major cites. Another coccidial organism, Toxoplasma, is of particular concern to pregnant women because of the potential to cause birth defects in newborns.
These two coccidial parasites pose a health risk for immunosuppressed humans (ie., AIDS patients, those taking immune suppressant drugs, cancer patients, the elderly). Good hygiene and proper disposal of cat feces are important in minimizing risk of transmission of all feline parasites to humans. Although there is risk of the cat transmitting these two particular parasites to humans, it does not warrant removing the cat from the household except in very rare instances.